五大句型

Five Basic Sentence Patterns

中頻

英文的所有句子都可以歸類為五大基本句型。理解這五大句型是掌握英文文法的基礎,也有助於正確使用各種動詞和判斷句子結構。學測中常透過克漏字和翻譯題來測試對句型的理解。

文法規則說明

1

【S + V (Complete Intransitive)】第一句型:主詞 + 完全不及物動詞。動詞本身就能表達完整的意思,後面不需要受詞或補語。常見動詞:go、come、run、sleep、arrive、exist、happen、rise、fall 等。可以加上副詞或介系詞片語來修飾。 公式:S + V (+ 修飾語)

2

【S + V + C (Incomplete Intransitive)】第二句型:主詞 + 不完全不及物動詞 + 主詞補語。連綴動詞(linking verbs)後面需要補語來補充說明主詞的狀態。常見連綴動詞:be、become、get、turn、seem、appear、look、sound、smell、taste、feel、remain、keep、stay 等。 公式:S + linking V + C (adj./N)

3

【S + V + O (Complete Transitive)】第三句型:主詞 + 完全及物動詞 + 受詞。動詞後面需要一個受詞來接受動作。受詞可以是名詞、代名詞、動名詞、不定詞或 that 子句等。大部分的英文句子都屬於這個句型。 公式:S + Vt + O

4

【S + V + O + O (Ditransitive)】第四句型:主詞 + 授與動詞 + 間接受詞(人)+ 直接受詞(物)。常見的授與動詞:give、send、tell、teach、show、buy、make、cook、bring、offer、lend、write 等。可以改寫為 S + V + O(物)+ to/for + O(人)。用 to 的動詞:give、send、tell、show、teach、lend、offer;用 for 的動詞:buy、make、cook、find。 公式:S + V + IO(人)+ DO(物)= S + V + DO + to/for + IO

5

【S + V + O + C (Incomplete Transitive)】第五句型:主詞 + 不完全及物動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語。受詞補語用來補充說明受詞的狀態或身分。常見動詞:make、find、consider、think、call、name、elect、keep、leave、paint 等。補語可以是名詞、形容詞、不定詞、分詞等。 公式:S + V + O + OC (adj./N/to V/V-ing/V-pp)

例句

The sun rises in the east.

太陽從東方升起。

sun rises

The accident happened at the intersection yesterday.

意外昨天發生在十字路口。

accident happened

Birds sing in the morning.

鳥兒在早晨唱歌。

Birds sing

She looks tired after working all day.

工作一整天後她看起來很累。

looks tired

The milk has gone sour.

牛奶變酸了。

gone sour

He became a famous scientist.

他成為了一位有名的科學家。

became a famous scientist

She enjoys reading novels in her free time.

她閒暇時喜歡讀小說。

enjoys reading

The company announced a new product launch.

公司宣布了新產品的發布。

announced a new product launch

I believe that hard work pays off.

我相信努力終有回報。

believe that

She gave me a birthday present. = She gave a birthday present to me.

她給了我一份生日禮物。

gave me a birthday present

My mother made me a cup of coffee. = My mother made a cup of coffee for me.

我媽媽幫我泡了一杯咖啡。

made me a cup of coffee

The teacher taught us an important lesson.

老師教了我們重要的一課。

taught us an important lesson

We elected him class president.

我們選他當班長。

elected him class president

The news made her extremely happy.

這個消息讓她非常開心。

made her extremely happy

I found the problem difficult to solve.

我發現這個問題很難解決。

found the problem difficult

常見錯誤

!

The flower smells sweetly. (✗) → The flower smells sweet. (✓) smell 在此是連綴動詞(第二句型 S + V + C),後面接形容詞 sweet 當補語,不能用副詞 sweetly。連綴動詞後面接形容詞,不接副詞。

!

She explained me the problem. (✗) → She explained the problem to me. (✓) explain 不是授與動詞,不能用第四句型(S + V + IO + DO)。要用 explain + 事 + to + 人。類似的動詞還有 suggest、describe、introduce、mention 等。

!

They consider him is a genius. (✗) → They consider him a genius. (✓) 第五句型 consider + O + OC 中,受詞補語直接接在受詞後面,不需要加 be 動詞。consider him (to be) a genius 中 to be 可以省略。

快速練習

練習 1

The soup tastes _____. You should try it. (A) deliciously (B) delicious (C) to be delicious (D) being delicious

練習 2

Could you please pass _____ the salt? (A) to me (B) me (C) for me (D) at me

練習 3

The committee appointed her _____ of the new department. (A) the head (B) as head (C) to the head (D) heading

練習 4

The flowers in the garden smell _____. (A) wonderfully (B) wonderful (C) wonder (D) wondered

練習 5

My grandmother told _____ a bedtime story every night. (A) to us (B) us (C) for us (D) with us

學測應試技巧

💡

學測常考連綴動詞(look、sound、smell、taste、feel)後面接形容詞還是副詞的問題。記住:連綴動詞後面接形容詞。

💡

授與動詞的兩種句型轉換是考試重點,尤其要記住哪些動詞後面用 to、哪些用 for。

💡

注意不能用授與動詞句型的動詞:explain、suggest、describe、introduce 等,只能用 V + 物 + to + 人。

💡

第五句型(S + V + O + OC)常結合使役動詞和感官動詞一起考,如 make + O + adj.、find + O + adj. 等。

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